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- <text id=94TT0806>
- <title>
- Jun. 20, 1994: Russia:A Voice in the Wilderness
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1994
- Jun. 20, 1994 The War on Welfare Mothers
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- RUSSIA, Page 46
- A Voice in the Wilderness
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn preaches his message of moral
- renewal in the hinterlands, but will Moscow listen?
- </p>
- <p>By John Kohan/Moscow--With reporting by David Aikman/Khabarovsk
- </p>
- <p> One by one, they came up to the microphone and addressed
- the bearded man sitting onstage with his wife and two sons.
- </p>
- <p> "How do you see the future of our culture?" asked a
- teacher from the local Railroad Institute. "Is there a danger
- of extreme nationalism?"
- </p>
- <p> "Thank you for deciding to return to us at the most
- difficult moment in our history," said a journalist. "If you
- meet Boris Yeltsin, let him know he should do more to build up
- Russia."
- </p>
- <p> "They don't know what is going on in Russia," complained
- a lawyer. "The bureaucracy is tainted by the mafia. If something
- is not done, Russia will perish."
- </p>
- <p> Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Nobel-prizewinning novelist and
- freshly returned exile to Russia, sat in the Musical Comedy
- Theater of the Far Eastern city of Khabarovsk and carefully
- jotted down their comments in a black notebook. He had chosen
- to return to Moscow via a long cross-country train trip lasting
- several weeks, stopping in towns along the way to greet the
- locals and listen to their complaints. When he arrived later at
- Blagoveshchensk, he was surprised to see 200 well-wishers. "I
- didn't expect there would be so many people," Solzhenitsyn said.
- "I say this everywhere, and I want to repeat it to you: The
- future is in our hands."
- </p>
- <p> But what kind of future? In a country where the idols and
- ideals of the past have been shattered, Solzhenitsyn, at 75,
- remains a moral authority for millions of Russians: one man who
- stood up against the totalitarian state and survived. During
- nearly two decades in a sylvan Vermont retreat, he has been
- preparing for the end of communism and nurturing his own vision
- of a new Russia.
- </p>
- <p> So it was perhaps only appropriate that Solzhenitsyn spent
- his first days traveling through the very land where millions
- of victims of Stalin's purges perished in the Soviet Union's
- system of forced-labor camps. In Khabarovsk he visited a large,
- privately maintained cemetery. At the entrance to the graveyard,
- he paid his respects at a small chapel built to commemorate
- those who had perished in the totalitarianism whirlwind of the
- '30s. Two young priests were reading the Orthodox "Eternal
- Memory" service from a prayer book. It was one of many symbolic
- moments on an odyssey that has become a kind of traveling
- metaphor: himself a survivor of eight years in the Gulag,
- Solzhenitsyn is recognized as the person most responsible for
- bringing the crimes of that era to light. Obviously moved, he
- crossed his chest repeatedly, solemnly noting the plaque on the
- chapel's side that dedicates the site to the "memory of the
- innocent victims of lawlessness and tyranny."
- </p>
- <p> Solzhenitsyn's message to Russians can be summed up in one
- word: Repent! He believes deeply that Russia cannot move into
- the future until it has exorcised its communist past. "In this
- country, there are murderers and victims, the persecutors and
- the persecuted," he says. "The murderers and the persecutors
- must personally repent for what they have done." But when a
- handful of Russians told him they regretted not speaking up for
- him and asked for his forgiveness, Solzhenitsyn said he
- "responded with a laugh that this was the smallest possible
- reason for them to come up with for repentance." Russians, he
- said "should be repenting far more major things." He seemed to
- call for some grand legal absolution like the 1946 war-crimes
- trials at Nuremberg: "We saw this in Germany when the Nazis were
- tried. Their crimes were condemned not only by process of law
- but in the public arena. All 250 million people ((from the
- former Soviet Union)) in Russia can't do this, but the process
- must begin."
- </p>
- <p> Although Solzhenitsyn has continually asserted, "I am not
- going into politics, will not run for any office, will not
- accept any position," the temptation will be great to take sides
- in the cold civil war between Western-oriented reformers and
- nationalist-hard-line communists. The reformers have misgivings
- about Solzhenitsyn's nationalist views, but they have cautiously
- welcomed his return. Hard-liners see Solzhenitsyn as a rival for
- the hearts and minds of Russian "patriots," and question his
- motives; he has already called ultranationalist Vladimir
- Zhirinovsky "an evil caricature of a Russian patriot." The
- weekly Zavtra, which speaks for hard-line nationalists, bitingly
- denounced his return: "Ayatollah Khomeini has landed in
- Vladivostok."
- </p>
- <p> Solzhenitsyn must pull off a careful balancing act if he
- intends to influence the course of politics. Should he decide
- to intervene in the partisan mudslinging, he risks compromising
- his high moral standing. But if his solution to Russia's woes
- amounts to nothing more than pious platitudes, he is in danger
- of becoming irrelevant, reduced to the status of an eccentric
- who has exchanged geographical exile in the West for spiritual
- exile in Russia.
- </p>
- <p> So far, Solzhenitsyn has been a voice quite literally
- crying in the wilderness. His call for Russians to set their
- sights on higher things has been welcomed by enthusiastic crowds
- in the hinterlands, but he faces a much tougher audience in
- Moscow. Few urban sophisticates have time anymore for the
- kitchen conversations about the Russian soul that were a staple
- of intellectual life when Solzhenitsyn first lived in the
- country. A savage commentary in the daily Nezavisimaya Gazeta
- proposed what to do with this troubling revivalist preacher:
- "Give him mothballs! And more mothballs! And put him to rest!"
- </p>
- <p> But whatever critics may think, he is certainly not afraid
- to get his hands dirty or his feet wet in his quest to discover
- modern Russia. One day he braved floodwaters to visit the small
- farming community of Bichyovka, plagued by heavy rains. An old
- babushka, who obviously did not know the identity of the
- visitor, shrilly confronted Solzhenitsyn with a timeless, rural
- Russian lament: "The roads are full of water. Why can't you do
- something about it?" Said Solzhenitsyn: "I'm not an official.
- I can't do anything." It was a humble admission from a literary
- giant, proving the biblical dictum that prophets have no honor
- in their own countries.
- </p>
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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